Looking back to my early karate days, I clearly remember the frustration I experienced during sparring. No matter how I tried to apply the multitude of techniques I thought I knew, somehow I always felt like a dog chasing his own tail at the end of the day. In spite of all the trophies, encouragement and praise, the truth of the matter was all of my "skill" disappeared when the situation became random.

Why?

I realize now that my reflexes had not been properly trained. My subconscious mind had not been given a clear and effective road map to follow when engaging a live opponent. All of my understanding was just that: understanding an intellectual and conceptual exercise, not a visceral understanding with the conscious mind free of thought, allowing the "moment" to take over.

My reflexes were never free to roam. They were consistently held captive while I tried to understand the situation, then I would react to it. And it was always too late ... pow! Got hit again ... pow! That side kick ...

If you don't know where you're going, you don't know when you're there. Even if the destination is known, you must still have an accurate map to show the way. And not just any route ... as the crow flies.

Science Lesson

In the October issue of Martial Arts & Combat Sports, I discussed the science behind the blocking system of traditional wing chun kung fu, as taught by Grandmaster William (Cheuk Hing) Cheung. Without recounting the entire conversation, following is a list of the principles that were discussed.

* Guard your centerline. The shortest distance between two points is a straight line. Guard the quick path; force your opponent to take a longer (circular) path.
* Watch the nearest elbow or knee point. This point will telegraph to you which attack is coming. The elbow is slower than the fist and more accurate to read than the body or the eyes.
* Assess the angle of the strike. Is it linear or circular? Assess the gate of attack. Is it attacking the upper, middle or lower gate?
* Intercept the line of attack. Two objects can't occupy the same space at the same time. Your object must occupy the path.
* Don't fight force with force. Redirect and release the opponent's force only. Don't stop it cold because this allows the opponent to initiate a new strike. Instead, allow the force to continue and exploit the opening at the peak of the strike's commitment.

The focus of these principles is to guide the practitioner from the pre-contact stage to contact - establishing the map to assessing an attack and preparing the proper defense against it. Now that we are there - at contact - having successfully deflected the attack ... what is the next step? What is the absolute priority at this next instant?

All About Chi Sao

There is an entire training system within the wing chun system that is called chi sao, which is also known as "sticky hands." It is dedicated to developing sensitivity and reflexes at the point of contact. With relaxed, fluid movement, the William Cheung (TWC) practitioner should launch from the point of touch like a loaded spring.

This forward energy is then loaded into the blocks and the strikes of the system. It's important to allow the reflexes to flow easily and instantaneously from the moment of contact into the counterattack, using the opponent's own force to determine the opening. The objective is to shorten the response time of the reaction and the speed and economy of the movement.

But speed is only the rate of motion. The reflexes are still in need of a guide from the point of contact. Through the chi sao, the practitioner's energy is properly prepared for the map we are about to follow.

Grandmaster William Cheung (left) and Eric Oram square off (1). Notice Grandmaster Cheung is guarding the centerline, occupying the most direct path in, and his even weight distribution. Cheung also watches the leading elbow to determine the path of the strike. Because the straight path is covered, Oram launches a right hook (2). Cheung follows the elbow and identifies it as circular and then intercepts and deflects the strike with a left lop sao block. Cheung then releases the remaining force in the hook punch (3) and follows through with another strike to the head (4).

Cheung and Oram square off (1). Note how Cheung guards the centerline. Oram jams the line with a jab, and Cheung identifies the angle as linear. Thus, he uses a pak sao to deflect the strike to the side (2). Cheung prepares to counter, but Oram immediately attacks again, trying to keep Cheung on the defensive (3). Cheung identifies the new angle and interrupts his counter to flow into a right lop sao block. Cheung releases the force, and positions to the outside (4), and then he follows through with another strike to the head (5).

Can't Win on the Defensive

Throughout the years of training with Grandmaster Cheung, I've heard him say a thousand times, "You can't win on the defensive!"

How true it is. If you block two, they'll get you with No. 3. If you block 10, they get you with 11. That is why we must put the energy back into the direction of the opponent as quickly as possible - get him off of the agenda of attack and over to blocking and defense. This will change the dynamics of the encounter entirely.

While the blocking arm reads the opponent's force, the other arm immediately counterattacks. Therefore, it is also imperative we have command over both arms at the same time - not just one after another.

Thus, the most important ingredient, which also makes the TWC blocking system complete, is the overall position of the block. This should position you for your counterattack.

There are two lines, or leverage systems, that are set up to operate simultaneously. The line of the block and the line of the counterattack. Therefore it is also imperative we have command over both arms at the same time - not just one after another.

Thus, the most important ingredient, which also makes the TWC blocking system complete, is the overall position of the block. This should position you for your counterattack.

There are two lines, or leverage systems, that are set up to operate simultaneously. The line of the block and the line of the counterattack. Therefore, each single position should provide leverage, the proper angle and the correct distance for each line.

To achieve only one or the other leaves the situation incomplete. If you engage the opponent - at the moment of contact - strictly on defense, then what's to prevent the opponent from striking you again? You have blocked the strike, but the next moment is free to either your next attack or theirs. We need to eliminate the "or theirs" from that equation. If we do not, we can only pray that we are faster and more powerful than the opponent (a contest of force, not timing and strategy).

What, then, is the key to the positioning? That nasty old nuisance: footwork.

Back to Basics

The two key ingredients for the footwork in the TWC system are balance and mobility. We need a stable base to support our blocks, launch our attacks and absorb the opponent's force to a degree. And we want a free, neutral base to move the block and striking team to any location at any time. This mobility requires a balanced, 50/50 stance. The balance cannot afford to linger on one side or the other or it will lose the opportunity to follow any sudden changes in the distance and / or angle we are after.

It is rather like a tennis player waiting for the serve - neutral and free to follow the ball according to the direction and angle of the ball's commitment. (This is not to say that wing chun is strictly defensive in nature, having to wait for the opponent to attack first before responding. There are certainly measures for bridging the gap offensively, but our context here is the defensive scenario.)

At the same time, we must maintain a centered, balanced stance to provide the leverage and the correct distance for the block and counter. If we can't reach the target, we have no follow through and therefore no power. If we are too close, we will be too cramped to extend through the push of our attack. Understanding the footwork, therefore, is a crucial ingredient in executing the block and counter system as intended in the TWC system.

The Roots

The Chinese have a saying, "Before there was the flower, there was the root."

So, the keys to setting up the correct position are:

* The defensive system discussed in the aforementioned interview.
* The Target
What angle do you need" Can you reach it?" And not just to impact but also with the follow-through. Out step must put us in a position to push well beyond the surface of the target - like an arrow or a bullet - striking all the way through. This is where the power lies.

* The Next Threat
What is it? What angle does it need? How can my positioning set up my counterattack to also cut off the line of the next weapon?

Putting all of the elements together now, the final map looks like this:

1. Pre-Contact

* Protect our centerline.
* Use the eyes to determine which block is needed (watching the elbow).
* What is the angle?
* What is the gate?
* Maintain a neutral and balanced stance, so that you are ready to spring anywhere at any time. You need to be able to place yourself in position to block and immediately counterattack.
* Intercept the line of attack.

2. At Contact

* Don't fight force with force.
* The touch sensitivity interprets the contact and senses the opening.
* Have the forward energy ready to respond instantaneously to what you see and what you feel.
* The footwork must support the offense and defense (two arms) at the same time so you can put the opponent on the defensive.

Cheung and Oram square off (1). Oram attacks with a hook to the head (2), and Cheung intercepts the circular strike with a bil sao block. Before Cheung can launch the counterattack, he feels the excessive force from the hook driving in. Cheung releases the pressure by slipping to the outside (3) and then has the angle to set up the simultaneous block and counter, due to the excessive commitment of Oram's force (4). Cheung then follows through with another strike to the head (5).

Ultimate Objective

In the end, we essentially engage our entire bodies in this reflex / response process, which is, again, the ultimate objective. Engrain this map deeply into the subconscious mind through thousands of hours of repetition and follow a precise map with simple, effective, scientific movement.

If your movement follows this guide and addresses each of its elements, you will make it virtually impossible for the opponent to stay on the offensive. To do so, would be putting himself at great risk of getting hit.

My objective here is to share what works for me and why, in hopes that it may spare the reader the same frustrations I experienced early on in my martial arts practice. Understanding the principles involved is a relatively simple task, once they are laid out. Like Occum's Razor tells us, the simplest solution is usually the best.

Getting it into the reflexes, however, is another matter. That is the exclusive job of the practitioner and it requires repetition. For this, the only thing left to do is simply get back to practice.

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